Prevalence of early childhood caries in non-fluoridated rural areas of Chile.

Introduction: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) constitutes a serious public health issue worldwide, especially in communities without water fluoridation. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of ECC in children 2 and 3 years old from rural preeschools without access to water fluoridation. Methods: A cross-sectional study to community level was performed during 2012. The eligible population was children 2 and 3 years old from rural preschools in non-fluoridated areas located in the Regions of the Araucanía, Los Ríos and Los Lagos. Four calibrated researchers (ICC= 0.83) determined the prevalence of dental caries on the criteria proposed by the WHO. The data was analyzed using the statisticals, chi-square test, t-test and logistic regression models. Results: The sample was constituted by 587 children of whom 53.32% had 2 years old and 52.47 were girls. The prevalence of ECC was 51.62% with a dmft index average of 2.53. The Region with the most prevalence was Araucania with a 52.79%. The variables that showed association were age, IHO-S and prevision (p<0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of ECC in non-fluoridated areas is high

Adaptation and validation of the PEDSQL™ oral health scale for toddlers in Chilean population

The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL™) Oral Health Scale was developed to measure oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt the parent-reported version for toddlers of PedsQL™ Oral Health Scale into Spanish and to assess the acceptability, reliability and validity of this version in Chilean preschool population. The PedsQL™ Oral Health Scale for toddlers was cross-culturally adapted for the Spanish language using the recommended standards. To assess metric properties, a cross-sectional study was carried out with 301 children aged 2 to 5 years in Carahue, Chile. Chilean versions of the PedsQL™ Oral Health Scale, PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales, and Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) were completed by the children's parents. Dental caries, malocclusion and dental trauma were examined by trained dentists. The PedsQL™ Oral Health Scale was administrated a second time 14-21 days after. The reliability of the scale was verified by analysis of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and reproducibility (Intraclass correlation coefficient - ICC). The validity of the construct was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis and known groups method. The convergent validity was assessed by calculating the Spearman's correlation with the ECOHIS questionnaire. The PedsQL™ Oral Health Scale demonstrated good reliability, with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.79 and ICC of 0.85. A moderate-to-strong correlation was found between the PedsQL™ Oral Health Scale and the ECOHIS questionnaire (- 0.64); the PedsQL™ Oral Health Scale score was lower in children with poor than those with excellent/very good oral health (median 100 vs 85, p < 0.001); it also was lower in children with caries than in those caries-free (median 100 vs 90, p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were found among groups according to malocclusion and traumatic dental injuries. The PedsQL™ Oral Health Scale for toddlers in Spanish showed to be equivalent to the original version, and its psychometric properties were satisfactory for application in a Chilean pre-school population

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the early childhood oral health impact scale (ECOHIS) in chilean population

The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) measures the impact of dental diseases on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life both in children and their families. The aim of this study was to develop a Chilean Spanish version of the ECOHIS that is conceptually equivalent to the original and to assess its acceptability, reliability and validity in the preschool population of Chile. The Chilean version of the ECOHIS was obtained through a process including forward and back-translation, expert panel, and cognitive debriefing interviews. To assess metric properties, a cross-sectional study was carried out in Carahue, Southern Chile (April-October 2016). Children younger than six years old without systemic diseases, disabilities or chronic medication from eleven public preschools were included. Parents were invited to complete the Chilean version of the ECOHIS, PedsQL™4.0 Generic Core and PedsQL Oral Health scales, and to answer global questions about their children's general and oral health. A subsample was administrated ECOHIS a second time 14-21 days after. A clinical examination was performed to assess dental caries, malocclusion, and traumatic dental injuries. Reliability was evaluated using measures of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and reproducibility (Intraclass correlation coefficient - ICC). Construct validity was assessed by testing hypotheses based on available evidence about known groups and relationships between different instruments. The content comparison of the back-translation with the original ECOHIS showed that all items except one were conceptually and linguistically equivalent. The cognitive debriefing showed a suitable understanding of the Chilean version by the parents. In the total sample (n = 302), the ECOHIS total score median was 1 (IQR 6), floor effect was 41.6%, and ceiling effect 0%. Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 and the ICC was 0.84. The correlation between ECOHIS and PedsQL™4.0 Generic Core was weak (r = 0.21), while it was strong-moderate (r = 0.64) with the PedsQL Oral Health scale. In the known groups comparison, the ECOHIS total score was statistically higher in children with poor than excellent/very good oral health (median 11.6 vs 0, p < 0.01), and in the high severity than in the caries-free group (median 8 vs 0.5, p < 0.01). No differences were found according to malocclusion and traumatic dental injuries groups. These results supported the feasibility, reliability and validity of the Chilean version of ECOHIS questionnaire for preschool children through proxy

Expression QTL (eQTLs) Analyses Reveal Candidate Genes Associated With Fruit Flesh Softening Rate in Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]

Indexación: ScopusSignificant differences in softening rate have been reported between melting flesh in peach and nectarine varieties. This trait seems to be controlled by several genes. We aimed to identify candidate genes involved in fruit softening rate by integrating quantitative trait loci (QTL) and expression QTL (eQTL) analyses, comparing siblings with contrasting softening rates. We used a segregating population derived from nectarine cv. ‘Venus’ selfing, which was phenotyped for softening rate during three seasons. Six siblings with high (HSR) and six with low softening rate (LSR) were sequenced using RNA-Seq. A group of 5,041 differentially expressed genes was identified. Also, we found a QTL with a LOD (logarithm of odds) score of 9.7 on LG4 in all analyzed seasons. Furthermore, we detected 1,062 eQTLs, of which 133 were found co-localizing with the identified QTL. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed ‘Response to auxin’ as one the main over-represented categories. Our findings suggest over-expression of auxin biosynthetic related genes in the HSR group, which implies a higher expression and/or accumulation of auxin, thereby triggering fast softening. Conversely, the LSR phenotype might be explained by an altered auxin-homeostasis associated with low auxin levels. This work will contribute to unraveling the genetic mechanisms responsible for the softening rate in peaches and nectarines and lead to the development of molecular markers. © Copyright © 2019 Carrasco-Valenzuela, Muñoz-Espinoza, Riveros, Pedreschi, Arús, Campos-Vargas and Meneses.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2019.01581/ful

Quinua Power

Quinua Power ha sido creado con el fin de brindar una nueva propuesta de consumo de cereales a todas aquellas personas que buscan cuidar su alimentación y a los que combaten alguna enfermedad alimenticia que les impida desarrollar su crecimiento o desenvolvimiento en el ámbito estudiantil. Este producto consiste en la elaboración de cereales en base a la quinua. Este es considerado como un grano andino esencial en la alimentación de toda persona, debido a sus propiedades nutricionales. En la región, el Perú y Bolivia son los principales productores de este grano y cada año se establecen metas de consumo nacional, en busca de fortalecer la salud nutricional de las personas, pero en especial de sus niños. Las operaciones de producción y venta se iniciarán en Lima Metropolitana. Este producto está dirigido a hombres, mujeres y niños que se encuentren entre los 15 a 35 años de edad y pertenezcan a los niveles socioeconómicos C y D, quienes, en la actualidad, presentan mayor crecimiento de consumo de este tipo de productos. Este proyecto tendrá una duración de 3 años; para iniciar las operaciones será necesario invertir S/23,585.00, de los cuales el 80% será aporte de los accionistas y el 20% será financiado a través de un inversionista ángel. Entre los indicaros obtenidos para este proyecto, se tiene un costo promedio ponderado de capital de 16.67%, VAN de S/19,884 que indica que en el plazo de 3 años se recupera la inversión y una TIR de 60.90% que indica que el proyecto es rentable. Finalmente, con estos indicadores podemos confirmar que el proyecto es viable pues tiene un adecuado tiempo de recuperación y altos índices de rentabilidadQuinoa Power has been created with the purpose of providing a new option for consuming cereals to all those who seek to take care of their diet and to those who fight any nutritional disease that prevents them from developing their growth or development in the student environment. This product consists of the production of cereals based on quinoa. This is considered an essential Andean grain in the diet of everyone, due to its nutritional properties. In the region, Peru and Bolivia are the main producers of this grain and each year national consumption goals are established, seeking to strengthen the nutritional health of people, but especially of their children. Production and sale operations will begin in Metropolitan Lima. This product is aimed at men, women and children who are between 15 and 35 years of age and belong to socioeconomic levels C and D, who, at present, show the highest growth in consumption of this type of product. This project will last for 3 years; to start operations, it will be necessary to invest S / 23,585.00; of which 80% will be a shareholder contribution and 20% will be financed through an angel investor. Among the indicators obtained for this project, there is a weighted average cost of capital of 16.67%, NPV of S / 19,884 that indicates that the investment is recovered within 3 years and an IRR of 60.90% that indicates that the project is profitable. Finally, with these indicators we can confirm that the project is viable since it has an adequate recovery time and high profitability rates.Trabajo de investigació

Resolvin E1 attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiac fibroblast senescence: A key role for IL-1β

Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) undergo senescence in reaction to different stressors, leading to a poor prognosis of cardiac disease. Doxorubicin (Doxo) is an antineoplastic drug with strong cardiotoxic effects, which induces IL-1β secretion and thus, triggers a potent pro-inflammatory response. Doxo induces CFs senescence; however, the mechanisms are not fully understood. Different pharmacological strategies have been used to eliminate senescent cells by inducing their apoptosis or modifying their secretome. However, Resolvin E1 (RvE1), a lipid derivative resolutive mediator with potent anti-inflammatory effects has not been used before to prevent CFs senescence. CFs were isolated from adult male C57BL/6J mice and subsequently stimulated with Doxo, in the presence or absence of RvE1. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity (SA-β-gal), γ-H2A.X, p53, p21, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) were evaluated. The involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome/interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling pathway on CFs senescence was studied using an NLRP3 inhibitor (MCC950) and an endogenous IL-1R antagonist (IR1A). Doxo is able to trigger CFs senescence, as evidenced by an increase of γ-H2A.X, p53, p21, and SA-β-gal, and changes in the SASP profile. These Doxo effects were prevented by RvE1. Doxo triggers IL-1β secretion, which was dependent on NLRP3 activation. Doxo-induced CFs senescence was partially blocked by MCC950 and IR1A. In addition, IL-1β also triggered CFs senescence, as evidenced by the increase of γ-H2A.X, p53, p21, SA-β-gal activity, and SASP. All these effects were also prevented by RvE1 treatment. Conclusion: These data show the anti-senescent role of RvE1 in Doxo-induced CFs senescence, which could be mediated by reducing IL-1β secretion.This study was supported by PID2020-115590RB-100/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and FONDECYT 1210627 to C.P., C.F.S.F., and G.D.A., respectively. L.S. and J.A.E.C. are the recipients of FPI Universidad Autonoma ´ de Madrid (SFPI/2020-00053) and Beca Doctorado Nacional Ano ˜ 2017 ANID (21170233) fellowships, respectivel

Academia Preuniversitaria Virtual PostulaYa.pe

Mediante entrevistas a profundidad de carácter exploratorio realizadas a dos grupos de segmentos, se pudo evidenciar que el segmento uno, estudiantes entre las edades de 15 a 20 años que deciden postular a universidades tanto públicas como privadas, indicaron principalmente que, no cuentan con conocimientos básicos, los cuales son requeridos para rendir un examen de admisión. Por otro lado, el segmento dos, docentes que se encuentren trabajando y requieran de un ingreso extra brindando clases de preparación preuniversitaria, mencionaron que su principal problema es la insatisfacción de remuneración percibida. Después de analizar dichas entrevistas, se evaluó la creación de “PostulaYa.pe” una academia preuniversitaria virtual, en la cual, se brindarán clases con horarios flexibles que se ajusten a la disponibilidad de tiempo tanto para el alumno como para el docente. Asimismo, la metodología de enseñanza será interactiva y la cantidad de alumnos por clase será reducida. Lo que diferencia a esta empresa de la competencia es el modelo de negocio pues, se brindará un servicio de calidad con baja inversión por parte de los estudiantes, ya que, los clientes no necesitarán estar físicamente en el aula de clase, sino que, podrán acceder a la plataforma virtual desde cualquier lugar y dispositivo, así como recibir educación en grupos pequeños el cual facilitará otorgar una educación personalizada. Como conclusión, se puede mencionar que ¨PostulaYa.pe¨ es un modelo de negocio rentable ya que, después de realizar el análisis financiero, los indicadores VAN y TIR resultaron ser positivos.Through in-depth exploratory interviews carried out with two groups of segments, it was shown that segment one, students between the ages of 15 and 20 who decide to apply to both public and private universities, mainly indicated that they do not have basic knowledge, which are required to sit an entrance exam. On the other hand, segment two, teachers who are working and require an extra income by providing pre-university preparation classes, mentioned that their main problem is dissatisfaction with perceived remuneration. After analyzing these interviews, the creation of “PostulaYa.pe” was evaluated, a virtual pre-university academy, in which classes will be offered with flexible schedules that adjust to the availability of time for both the student and the teacher. Likewise, the teaching methodology will be interactive and the number of students per class will be reduced. What differentiates this company from the competition is the business model, since a quality service will be provided with low investment by the students, since the clients will not need to be physically in the classroom, but will be able to access the virtual platform from any place and device, as well as receive education in small groups which will facilitate the provision of a personalized education. In conclusion, it can be mentioned that ¨PostulaYa.pe¨ is a profitable business model since, after carrying out the financial analysis, the NPV and IRR indicators turned out to be positive.Trabajo de investigació

Análisis a la señalética del Pueblo Mágico de Mocorito, Sinaloa, México

Esta investigación tiene por objetivo analizar como el sistema señalético del Pueblo Mágico de Mocorito afecta de manera directa el tiempo de estadía de las personas al visitarlo. Para llevar a cabo el estudio se diseña de una encuesta la cual es aplicada a personas que han visitado dicho lugar, dado que, a causa de la contingencia por el COVID-19, no se puede realizar el trabajo de campo. La encuesta está basada en siete preguntas, que versan sobre el tiempo, el ingreso derrochado, los productos adquiridos y los servicios utilizados. Los resultados revelan que existen señales que invitan al visitante a realizar diversas actividades, lo cual hace que se prolongue su estadía en el Pueblo Mágico de Mocorito

Liderazgo auténtico y resultados SIMCE en establecimientos educacionales de comunas de la Región del Maule

76 p.Se dirige el foco de esta investigación al sector educacional, analizando el liderazgo Auténtico, definido por Avolio & Gardner (2005) como comportamientos transparentes y éticos que propician el ambiente de confianza para el intercambio de decisiones con sus seguidores, aplicado a directores de establecimientos educacionales de la Región del Maule, medido a través de la percepción de los líderes (directores) y los subordinados (cuerpo docente) según la categoría SIMCE obtenida por cada colegio. Se aplicó el Cuestionario ALQ (Moriano, Molero & Lévy, 2011) en su versión en español, tanto a los líderes como a los subordinados.Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que la percepción de Liderazgo Auténtico del cuerpo docente y del director son similares. Además, se obtiene que el Liderazgo Auténtico no se encuentra asociado con las categorías de puntaje SIMCE obtenido por los alumnos en los establecimientos educacionales investigados.Palabras Clave: Liderazgo Auténtico, resultados SIMCE, Escala ALQ /ABSTRACT: The focus of this research is directed to the education sector, analyzing the Authentic leadership, defined by Avolio & Gardner (2005) as transparent and ethical behavior that foster trusting environment for sharing decisions with his followers applied to heads of educational establishments Maule Region, measured through the perception of leaders (principals) and subordinate (teachers) as SIMCE category obtained by each school. ALQ Questionnaire (Moriano, Molero & Levy, 2011) was applied in the version in Spanish, both leaders and subordinates. The results show that the perception of Authentic Leadership of teachers and director are similar. In addition, get the Authentic Leadership is not associated with the categories of SIMCE score obtained by the students in educational establishments investigated. Keywords: Authentic Leadership, Results SIMCE, Scale AL

Transcriptomic study of pedicels from GA3- treated table grape genotypes with different susceptibility to berry drop reveals responses elicited in cell wall yield, primary growth and phenylpropanoids synthesis

Background: Gibberellins (GA3) are the most sprayed growth regulator for table grape production worldwide, increasing berry size of seedless varieties through pericarp cell expansion. However, these treatments also exacerbate berry drop, which has a detrimental effect on the postharvest quality of commercialized clusters. Several studies have suggested that pedicel stiffening caused by GA3 would have a role in this disorder. Nevertheless, transcriptional and phenotypic information regarding pedicel responses to GA3 is minimal. Results: Characterization of responses to GA3 treatments using the lines L23 and Thompson Seedless showed that the former was up to six times more susceptible to berry drop than the latter. GA3 also increased the diameter and dry matter percentage of the pedicel on both genotypes. Induction of lignin biosynthesis-related genes by GA3 has been reported, so the quantity of this polymer was measured. The acetyl bromide method detected a decreased concentration of lignin 7 days after GA3 treatment, due to a higher cell wall yield of the isolated fractions of GA3-treated pedicel samples which caused a dilution effect. Thus, an initial enrichment of primary cell wall components in response to GA3 was suggested, particularly in the L23 background. A transcriptomic profiling was performed to identify which genes were associated with these phenotypic changes. This analysis identified 1281 and 1787 genes differentially upregulated by GA3 in L23 and cv. Thompson Seedless, respectively. Concomitantly, 1202 and 1317 downregulated genes were detected in L23 and cv. Thompson Seedless (FDR < 0.05). Gene ontology analysis of upregulated genes showed enrichment in pathways including phenylpropanoids, cell wall metabolism, xylem development, photosynthesis and the cell cycle at 7 days post GA3 application. Twelve genes were characterized by qPCR and striking differences were observed between genotypes, mainly in genes related to cell wall synthesis. Conclusions: High levels of berry drop are related to an early strong response of primary cell wall synthesis in the pedicel promoted by GA3 treatment. Genetic backgrounds can produce similar phenotypic responses to GA3, although there is considerable variation in the regulation of genes in terms of which are expressed, and the extent of transcript levels achieved within the same time frame. © 2020 The Author(s).Indexación: Scopu